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Physical Sciences · Chemistry

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation
Research Guide

What is Synthesis and Biological Evaluation?

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation is the process of chemically synthesizing quinoxaline derivatives, followed by testing their antimicrobial and anticancer activities to assess potential therapeutic applications.

This field encompasses 63,530 papers focused on developing new catalysts for quinoxaline synthesis and evaluating their biological properties as antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Nitrogen heterocycles, including quinoxaline derivatives, appear in 59% of unique small-molecule U.S. FDA approved drugs, as analyzed by Vitaku et al. (2014) in "Analysis of the Structural Diversity, Substitution Patterns, and Frequency of Nitrogen Heterocycles among U.S. FDA Approved Pharmaceuticals".

Topic Hierarchy

100%
graph TD D["Physical Sciences"] F["Chemistry"] S["Organic Chemistry"] T["Synthesis and Biological Evaluation"] D --> F F --> S S --> T style T fill:#DC5238,stroke:#c4452e,stroke-width:2px
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63.5K
Papers
N/A
5yr Growth
616.7K
Total Citations

Research Sub-Topics

Why It Matters

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of quinoxaline derivatives supports medicinal chemistry by producing compounds with antimicrobial activity against pathogens and potential as anticancer agents. For instance, Purser et al. (2007) in "Fluorine in medicinal chemistry" highlight fluorinated compounds, relevant to quinoxaline modifications, with a remarkable record in providing lead compounds for therapeutic applications, cited 7252 times. Nitrogen heterocycles central to these efforts constitute 59% of unique small-molecule FDA-approved drugs, enabling treatments across pharmaceuticals as detailed by Vitaku et al. (2014). These evaluations identify candidates for clinical advancement, such as fluorine-containing drugs introduced from 2001–2011 reviewed by Wang et al. (2013).

Reading Guide

Where to Start

"Analysis of the Structural Diversity, Substitution Patterns, and Frequency of Nitrogen Heterocycles among U.S. FDA Approved Pharmaceuticals" by Vitaku et al. (2014), as it provides foundational data on heterocycle prevalence (59% of FDA drugs) essential for understanding quinoxaline relevance.

Key Papers Explained

Vitaku et al. (2014) in "Analysis of the Structural Diversity, Substitution Patterns, and Frequency of Nitrogen Heterocycles among U.S. FDA Approved Pharmaceuticals" quantifies nitrogen heterocycles at 59%, setting context for quinoxaline synthesis; Purser et al. (2007) in "Fluorine in medicinal chemistry" (7252 citations) builds by detailing fluorine's role in such compounds' medicinal success; Wang et al. (2013) in "Fluorine in Pharmaceutical Industry: Fluorine-Containing Drugs Introduced to the Market in the Last Decade (2001–2011)" extends to market examples; Hagmann (2008) in "The Many Roles for Fluorine in Medicinal Chemistry" connects mechanisms across evaluations.

Paper Timeline

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graph LR P0["FLUORESCENCE OF CATECHOL AMINES ...
1962 · 2.7K cites"] P1["Organic Azides: An Exploding Div...
2005 · 2.2K cites"] P2["Fluorine in medicinal chemistry
2007 · 7.3K cites"] P3["The Many Roles for Fluorine in M...
2008 · 3.5K cites"] P4["Fluorine in Pharmaceutical Indus...
2013 · 4.6K cites"] P5["Analysis of the Structural Diver...
2014 · 5.9K cites"] P6["Next Generation of Fluorine-Cont...
2016 · 2.6K cites"] P0 --> P1 P1 --> P2 P2 --> P3 P3 --> P4 P4 --> P5 P5 --> P6 style P2 fill:#DC5238,stroke:#c4452e,stroke-width:2px
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Most-cited paper highlighted in red. Papers ordered chronologically.

Advanced Directions

Focus shifts to fluorine-enhanced quinoxalines in late-stage trials, as reviewed by Zhou et al. (2016) in "Next Generation of Fluorine-Containing Pharmaceuticals, Compounds Currently in Phase II–III Clinical Trials of Major Pharmaceutical Companies: New Structural Trends and Therapeutic Areas," emphasizing new trends in heterocycle therapeutics.

Papers at a Glance

# Paper Year Venue Citations Open Access
1 Fluorine in medicinal chemistry 2007 Chemical Society Reviews 7.3K
2 Analysis of the Structural Diversity, Substitution Patterns, a... 2014 Journal of Medicinal C... 5.9K
3 Fluorine in Pharmaceutical Industry: Fluorine-Containing Drugs... 2013 Chemical Reviews 4.6K
4 The Many Roles for Fluorine in Medicinal Chemistry 2008 Journal of Medicinal C... 3.5K
5 FLUORESCENCE OF CATECHOL AMINES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS CONDENSE... 1962 Journal of Histochemis... 2.7K
6 Next Generation of Fluorine-Containing Pharmaceuticals, Compou... 2016 Chemical Reviews 2.6K
7 Organic Azides: An Exploding Diversity of a Unique Class of Co... 2005 Angewandte Chemie Inte... 2.2K
8 Radioimmunoassay for Cyclic Nucleotides 1972 Journal of Biological ... 2.0K
9 Novel Procedure for Modeling Ligand/Receptor Induced Fit Effects 2005 Journal of Medicinal C... 2.0K
10 Identification of interferon-gamma as the lymphokine that acti... 1983 The Journal of Experim... 1.9K

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the main focuses of Synthesis and Biological Evaluation?

It centers on synthesizing quinoxaline derivatives using new catalysts and evaluating their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. This includes heterocyclic compounds with potential medicinal applications. The field covers oxidation processes and derivative modifications for enhanced biological profiles.

How prevalent are nitrogen heterocycles in approved drugs?

Analysis reveals that 59% of unique small-molecule U.S. FDA approved drugs contain a nitrogen heterocycle. "Analysis of the Structural Diversity, Substitution Patterns, and Frequency of Nitrogen Heterocycles among U.S. FDA Approved Pharmaceuticals" (Vitaku et al., 2014) reports the top 25 most commonly utilized types. Quinoxalines fall within this significant structural class.

What role does fluorine play in compounds from this field?

Fluorine enhances medicinal chemistry profiles of quinoxaline derivatives, improving metabolic stability and binding. Purser et al. (2007) in "Fluorine in medicinal chemistry" document fluorinated drugs' success in therapeutics. Hagmann (2008) in "The Many Roles for Fluorine in Medicinal Chemistry" details applications in pharmaceuticals.

What methods are used for biological evaluation?

Evaluations test antimicrobial activity and anticancer potential of synthesized quinoxalines. Techniques include assays for oxidative metabolism and pathogen killing, as in Nathan et al. (1983) identifying interferon-gamma's role in macrophage activation. These confirm therapeutic viability.

Which nitrogen heterocycles are most common in drugs?

The top 25 nitrogen heterocycles are quantified in FDA-approved pharmaceuticals by Vitaku et al. (2014). These structures, including quinoxaline types, dominate small-molecule drugs at 59% prevalence. Frequency data guides synthesis priorities.

Open Research Questions

  • ? How can new catalysts improve quinoxaline synthesis yields for antimicrobial derivatives?
  • ? What structural modifications enhance quinoxaline anticancer selectivity?
  • ? Which biological assays best predict quinoxaline clinical efficacy?
  • ? How do fluorine substitutions affect quinoxaline metabolic stability in vivo?
  • ? What role do nitrogen heterocycle patterns play in quinoxaline drug-receptor interactions?

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