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Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Chemistry
Research Guide
What is Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Chemistry?
Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Chemistry is the study of porphyrins and phthalocyanines in materials chemistry, emphasizing their nonlinear optical properties, self-assembly behavior, applications in molecular devices, metal complexes, artificial antenna systems, chirality-sensing supramolecular systems, and photochemical and light-harvesting properties.
This field encompasses 95,167 works on porphyrins and phthalocyanines. Research highlights their use in dye-sensitized solar cells, as demonstrated in multiple highly cited papers. Growth data over the past 5 years is not available.
Topic Hierarchy
Research Sub-Topics
Porphyrin Nonlinear Optical Properties
Researchers investigate two-photon absorption, third-harmonic generation, and optical limiting in porphyrin-based chromophores. Structural modifications for enhanced NLO responses are characterized via Z-scan and pump-probe techniques.
Phthalocyanine Self-Assembly
This sub-topic covers Langmuir-Blodgett films, columnar liquid crystals, and nanostructured aggregates of phthalocyanines. Studies focus on supramolecular interactions driving ordered architectures.
Porphyrin Metal Complexes in Molecular Devices
Scientists design metallo-porphyrins for molecular junctions, switches, and rectifiers via STM break-junctions and electrochemical gating. Electron transport and redox gating are key focuses.
Phthalocyanine Artificial Antenna Systems
Research explores energy transfer cascades in phthalocyanine arrays mimicking photosynthetic antennas. Förster and Dexter mechanisms are studied in dendritic and supramolecular architectures.
Porphyrin Photochemical Properties
Studies examine singlet oxygen generation, photoinduced electron transfer, and triplet excited states in porphyrins. Applications in photodynamic therapy and photocatalysis are emphasized.
Why It Matters
Porphyrin and phthalocyanine chemistry enables efficient dye-sensitized solar cells for renewable energy conversion. "Porphyrin-Sensitized Solar Cells with Cobalt (II/III)–Based Redox Electrolyte Exceed 12 Percent Efficiency" by Yella et al. (2011) achieved over 12% efficiency through porphyrin dyes and cobalt-based electrolytes. "Dye-sensitized solar cells with 13% efficiency achieved through the molecular engineering of porphyrin sensitizers" by Mathew et al. (2014) reported 13% efficiency using engineered porphyrin dye SM315. These advances support low-cost solar power with tunable optical properties. The field also contributes to molecular devices and light-harvesting systems, as seen in ruthenium-porphyrin related sensitizers in "Conversion of light to electricity by cis-X2bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate)ruthenium(II) charge-transfer sensitizers (X = Cl-, Br-, I-, CN-, and SCN-) on nanocrystalline titanium dioxide electrodes" by Nazeeruddin et al. (1993).
Reading Guide
Where to Start
"Porphyrin-Sensitized Solar Cells with Cobalt (II/III)–Based Redox Electrolyte Exceed 12 Percent Efficiency" by Yella et al. (2011), as it provides a clear example of porphyrin application in solar cells with concrete efficiency metrics.
Key Papers Explained
"Conversion of light to electricity by cis-X2bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate)ruthenium(II) charge-transfer sensitizers (X = Cl-, Br-, I-, CN-, and SCN-) on nanocrystalline titanium dioxide electrodes" by Nazeeruddin et al. (1993) established ruthenium sensitizers on TiO2, cited 5975 times. Yella et al. (2011) built on this with porphyrins and cobalt electrolytes for 12% efficiency. Mathew et al. (2014) advanced porphyrin engineering to 13% efficiency, linking to Grätzel's prior work.
Paper Timeline
Most-cited paper highlighted in red. Papers ordered chronologically.
Advanced Directions
Research centers on porphyrin dyes for solar cells, as in Mathew et al. (2014). No recent preprints from the last 6 months or news from the last 12 months indicate steady progress without new public breakthroughs.
Papers at a Glance
| # | Paper | Year | Venue | Citations | Open Access |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Conversion of light to electricity by cis-X2bis(2,2'-bipyridyl... | 1993 | Journal of the America... | 6.0K | ✓ |
| 2 | Porphyrin-Sensitized Solar Cells with Cobalt (II/III)–Based Re... | 2011 | Science | 5.9K | ✓ |
| 3 | BODIPY Dyes and Their Derivatives: Syntheses and Spectroscopi... | 2007 | Chemical Reviews | 5.0K | ✕ |
| 4 | Ru(II) polypyridine complexes: photophysics, photochemistry, e... | 1988 | Coordination Chemistry... | 4.8K | ✕ |
| 5 | Dye-sensitized solar cells with 13% efficiency achieved throug... | 2014 | Nature Chemistry | 4.4K | ✓ |
| 6 | Classification of chemical bonds based on topological analysis... | 1994 | Nature | 4.1K | ✕ |
| 7 | In Situ Formation of an Oxygen-Evolving Catalyst in Neutral Wa... | 2008 | Science | 4.1K | ✕ |
| 8 | Supramolecular Chemistry—Scope and Perspectives Molecules, Sup... | 1988 | Angewandte Chemie Inte... | 3.7K | ✕ |
| 9 | Electron transfer reactions in chemistry. Theory and experiment | 1993 | Reviews of Modern Physics | 3.6K | ✓ |
| 10 | Soliton excitations in polyacetylene | 1980 | Physical review. B, Co... | 3.1K | ✕ |
Frequently Asked Questions
What role do porphyrins play in dye-sensitized solar cells?
Porphyrins serve as sensitizers that absorb light and inject electrons into titanium dioxide electrodes. "Porphyrin-Sensitized Solar Cells with Cobalt (II/III)–Based Redox Electrolyte Exceed 12 Percent Efficiency" by Yella et al. (2011) showed efficiencies exceeding 12% with cobalt electrolytes. "Dye-sensitized solar cells with 13% efficiency achieved through the molecular engineering of porphyrin sensitizers" by Mathew et al. (2014) reached 13% using porphyrin SM315.
How do phthalocyanines contribute to nonlinear optical properties?
Phthalocyanines exhibit nonlinear optical properties due to their conjugated macrocyclic structures and metal complexes. The field explores these in materials chemistry for molecular devices. Specific metrics from top papers link them to porphyrin analogs in solar applications.
What are key applications of porphyrin self-assembly?
Porphyrin self-assembly forms structures for artificial antenna systems and chirality-sensing supramolecular systems. These enable light-harvesting and photochemical processes. The 95,167 works cover self-assembly in molecular devices.
Which papers demonstrate high-efficiency porphyrin solar cells?
"Porphyrin-Sensitized Solar Cells with Cobalt (II/III)–Based Redox Electrolyte Exceed 12 Percent Efficiency" by Yella et al. (2011) and "Dye-sensitized solar cells with 13% efficiency achieved through the molecular engineering of porphyrin sensitizers" by Mathew et al. (2014) report 12% and 13% efficiencies. Both use engineered porphyrin dyes with optimized electrolytes.
What is the current state of porphyrin and phthalocyanine research?
The field includes 95,167 papers focused on photochemical properties and metal complexes. Highly cited works emphasize solar cell applications. No recent preprints or news from the last 12 months are available.
Open Research Questions
- ? How can porphyrin sensitizers be further engineered to exceed 13% efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells?
- ? What mechanisms govern self-assembly in phthalocyanine-based chirality-sensing systems?
- ? How do metal complexes in porphyrins enhance nonlinear optical properties for molecular devices?
- ? What improvements in light-harvesting efficiency are possible for artificial antenna systems using phthalocyanines?
Recent Trends
The field maintains 95,167 works with no specified 5-year growth rate.
Top papers like Yella et al. and Mathew et al. (2014) highlight porphyrin solar cell efficiencies of 12% and 13%. No recent preprints or news coverage in the last 12 months is available.
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