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Neonatal and fetal brain pathology
Research Guide
What is Neonatal and fetal brain pathology?
Neonatal and fetal brain pathology is the study of brain injuries in newborns and fetuses, particularly hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, perinatal brain injury in preterm infants, white matter injury, and associated conditions like cerebral palsy.
This field encompasses 68,773 papers focused on neonatal brain injury, with key emphasis on hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and perinatal brain injury in preterm infants. Research examines hypothermia treatment, neurodevelopmental outcomes, white matter injury, cerebral palsy, and inflammation's role. Studies include incidence of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage in low-birth-weight infants and trends in morbidity and mortality of extremely preterm neonates.
Topic Hierarchy
Research Sub-Topics
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Neuroprotection
Research evaluates therapeutic hypothermia protocols and novel agents to mitigate brain injury from oxygen deprivation in newborns. Clinical trials assess cooling efficacy and biomarkers of brain protection.
Neonatal White Matter Injury Mechanisms
Studies using MRI investigate oligodendrocyte vulnerability, inflammation, and excitotoxicity in preterm white matter damage. Animal models identify pathways for targeted therapies.
Perinatal Brain Injury Neurodevelopmental Outcomes
Longitudinal cohorts track cognitive, motor, and behavioral sequelae from birth to school age using standardized developmental tests. Predictive models incorporate imaging and clinical variables.
Neonatal Encephalopathy MRI Diagnosis
Advanced neuroimaging protocols characterize injury patterns in HIE and differentiate etiologies. Diffusion tensor imaging quantifies microstructural damage for prognosis.
Inflammation in Preterm Brain Injury
Investigates maternal-fetal infection, chorioamnionitis, and postnatal sepsis roles in white matter and gray matter damage. Cytokine profiling identifies therapeutic targets.
Why It Matters
Neonatal and fetal brain pathology research directly impacts clinical care for preterm infants and those with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. "Whole-Body Hypothermia for Neonates with Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy" by Shankaran et al. (2005) showed that whole-body hypothermia reduces the risk of death or disability in infants with moderate or severe cases, influencing standard treatment protocols. "Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: A study of infants with birth weights less than 1,500 gm" by Papile et al. (1978) established critical data on hemorrhage progression in very low birth weight infants, aiding early detection and intervention. "Trends in Care Practices, Morbidity, and Mortality of Extremely Preterm Neonates, 1993-2012" by Stoll et al. (2015) documented improvements in survival rates from clinical trials (NCT00063063), guiding perinatal care practices. "A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006" by Rosenbaum et al. (2007) updated classifications using modern brain imaging, improving diagnosis and neurodevelopmental outcome predictions.
Reading Guide
Where to Start
"Neurology of the newborn." by Volpe (1981) provides foundational coverage of newborn brain pathology, including hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, seizures, and neurological exams, making it ideal for initial understanding.
Key Papers Explained
"Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: A study of infants with birth weights less than 1,500 gm" by Papile et al. (1978) establishes hemorrhage incidence data, which "Whole-Body Hypothermia for Neonates with Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy" by Shankaran et al. (2005) builds on by showing hypothermia's protective effects against related injuries. "A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006" by Rosenbaum et al. (2007) integrates imaging insights into classifications linked to these injuries. "Trends in Care Practices, Morbidity, and Mortality of Extremely Preterm Neonates, 1993-2012" by Stoll et al. (2015) extends this by analyzing long-term morbidity trends incorporating hypothermia and injury prevention.
Paper Timeline
Most-cited paper highlighted in red. Papers ordered chronologically.
Advanced Directions
Research continues on neurodevelopmental outcomes post-hypothermia, white matter injury mechanisms, and inflammation in preterm brain injury, as reflected in the 68,773 papers. Recent clinical trial data like NCT00063063 from Stoll et al. (2015) highlight ongoing refinements in extremely preterm care.
Papers at a Glance
| # | Paper | Year | Venue | Citations | Open Access |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Parkinsonism | 1967 | Neurology | 11.8K | ✓ |
| 2 | Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular h... | 1978 | The Journal of Pediatrics | 6.3K | ✕ |
| 3 | A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy ... | 2007 | Developmental Medicine... | 4.8K | ✕ |
| 4 | Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour | 1995 | Brain | 3.4K | ✕ |
| 5 | The International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity... | 2005 | Archives of Ophthalmology | 2.9K | ✓ |
| 6 | Neurology of the newborn. | 1981 | PubMed | 2.9K | ✕ |
| 7 | Whole-Body Hypothermia for Neonates with Hypoxic–Ischemic Ence... | 2005 | New England Journal of... | 2.8K | ✓ |
| 8 | An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from in... | 2008 | The Lancet | 2.8K | ✕ |
| 9 | Trends in Care Practices, Morbidity, and Mortality of Extremel... | 2015 | JAMA | 2.7K | ✓ |
| 10 | The autism brain imaging data exchange: towards a large-scale ... | 2013 | Molecular Psychiatry | 2.7K | ✓ |
Frequently Asked Questions
What is hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in neonates?
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a brain injury in newborns caused by oxygen deprivation and reduced blood flow during the perinatal period. "Whole-Body Hypothermia for Neonates with Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy" by Shankaran et al. (2005) demonstrated that whole-body hypothermia reduces death or disability risk in moderate or severe cases. It associates with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes addressed through targeted cooling therapy.
How common is subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants?
"Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: A study of infants with birth weights less than 1,500 gm" by Papile et al. (1978) studied infants under 1,500 grams birth weight. The research detailed the incidence and progression of these hemorrhages, key markers of perinatal brain injury. Such data supports neurological assessments in neonatal intensive care.
What defines and classifies cerebral palsy?
"A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006" by Rosenbaum et al. (2007) reconsidered definitions using modern brain imaging and neurobiology insights. It classifies cerebral palsy based on underlying brain injury nature during development. This framework aids in standardizing research and clinical management.
What are neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants?
"An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood" by Saigal and Doyle (2008) reviews long-term mortality and health sequelae in preterm survivors. It covers outcomes from infancy through adulthood, including associations with brain pathology. "Trends in Care Practices, Morbidity, and Mortality of Extremely Preterm Neonates, 1993-2012" by Stoll et al. (2015) tracks morbidity improvements over two decades.
What role does hypothermia play in neonatal brain injury treatment?
"Whole-Body Hypothermia for Neonates with Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy" by Shankaran et al. (2005) established hypothermia's efficacy in reducing death or disability. The treatment targets hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in newborns. It forms a cornerstone of current protocols for moderate to severe cases.
What does 'Neurology of the newborn' cover?
"Neurology of the newborn." by Volpe (1981) addresses neural tube formation, neuronal processes, neurological exams, seizures, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. It details biochemical and physiological aspects of newborn brain pathology. The work serves as a foundational reference for neonatal neurological evaluation.
Open Research Questions
- ? How does the progression of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage influence long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants under 1,500 grams birth weight?
- ? What brain imaging and neurobiological factors best refine cerebral palsy classification beyond 2006 definitions?
- ? Which care practice changes from 1993-2012 most reduced morbidity in extremely preterm neonates?
- ? How does inflammation interact with white matter injury in perinatal brain injury of preterm infants?
- ? What are the precise mechanisms linking hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy to cerebral palsy?
Recent Trends
The field maintains 68,773 works with sustained focus on hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and preterm injury, as tracked up to recent analyses. "Trends in Care Practices, Morbidity, and Mortality of Extremely Preterm Neonates, 1993-2012" by Stoll et al. shows morbidity reductions over two decades via improved practices including hypothermia from Shankaran et al. (2005).
2015No new preprints or news in the last 12 months indicate steady incorporation of established findings like Papile et al. hemorrhage studies.
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