Subtopic Deep Dive
Perilla frutescens Phytochemical Profile
Research Guide
What is Perilla frutescens Phytochemical Profile?
Perilla frutescens phytochemical profile characterizes the composition, extraction, and quantification of key compounds including rosmarinic acid, luteolin, and essential oils across cultivars using LC-MS and NMR techniques.
Research identifies rosmarinic acid and luteolin as primary anti-inflammatory polyphenols in Perilla frutescens leaves (Ueda et al., 2002; 286 citations). Essential oils and omega fatty acids contribute to its nutraceutical value (Asif, 2011; 265 citations). Over 10 key papers document variability via chemotaxonomy and chromatographic methods.
Why It Matters
Phytochemical profiles enable breeding programs for high-rosmarinic acid cultivars, supporting standardized nutraceutical extracts for anti-inflammatory therapies (Osakabe, 2003; 234 citations). Clinical trials confirm enriched rosmarinic acid extracts reduce allergic rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms in humans (Takano et al., 2004; 191 citations). These maps guide extraction optimization for supplements targeting inflammation and allergies (Ahmed, 2018; 245 citations).
Key Research Challenges
Cultivar Phytochemical Variability
Compound levels like rosmarinic acid vary significantly across Perilla frutescens cultivars, complicating standardization (Ahmed, 2018). LC-MS profiling reveals geographic and genetic influences on luteolin and oils. Chemotaxonomic studies needed for consistent sourcing.
Efficient Extraction Methods
Traditional solvent extractions yield low rosmarinic acid recovery compared to advanced techniques (Luo et al., 2020). Optimization balances yield, purity, and bioactivity preservation. Scalable methods remain underdeveloped for commercial nutraceuticals.
Bioactive Quantification Accuracy
NMR and LC-MS face challenges in distinguishing isomers of luteolin and rosmarinic acid derivatives (Ueda et al., 2002). Validation against biological assays is inconsistent. Quantitative chemotaxonomy requires standardized protocols.
Essential Papers
A Review of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Rosmarinic Acid on Inflammatory Diseases
Chunxu Luo, Lin Zou, Huijun Sun et al. · 2020 · Frontiers in Pharmacology · 302 citations
Inflammatory diseases are caused by abnormal immune responses and are characterized by an imbalance of inflammatory mediators and cells. In recent years, the anti-inflammatory activity of natural p...
Luteolin as an Anti-inflammatory and Anti-allergic Constituent of Perilla frutescens.
Hiroshi Ueda, Chikako Yamazaki, Masatoshi Yamazaki · 2002 · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · 286 citations
Oral administration of the perilla leaf extract (PLE) to mice inhibits inflammation, allergic response, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. We also found that PLE suppressed the tumor necro...
Health effects of omega-3,6,9 fatty acids: Perilla frutescens is a good example of plant oils
Mohammad Asif · 2011 · Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine · 265 citations
Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Investigations of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.
Hiwa M. Ahmed · 2018 · Molecules · 245 citations
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. (PF) is an annual herbal medicinal, aromatic, functional food, and ornamental plant that belongs to the mint family, Lamiaceae. The origin of perilla traces back to E...
Rosmarinic acid inhibits epidermal inflammatory responses: anticarcinogenic effect of Perilla frutescens extract in the murine two-stage skin model
Naomi Osakabe · 2003 · Carcinogenesis · 234 citations
Perilla frutescens extract showed marked reduction on tumorigenesis in a murine, two-stage skin carcinogenesis model. In this model, cancer is initiated by application of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthra...
Rosmarinic Acid – Pharmaceutical and Clinical Aspects
Solomon Kweku Sagoe Amoah, Louis P. Sandjo, Jadel M. Kratz et al. · 2016 · Planta Medica · 220 citations
The biosynthesis and biotechnological production of Rosmarinic acid, a phenolic ester that is widespread in the plant kingdom, has been widely investigated. This compound has shown many remarkable ...
Rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid produce antidepressive-like effect in the forced swimming test in mice
Hiroshi Takeda, Minoru Tsuji, Masato Inazu et al. · 2002 · European Journal of Pharmacology · 210 citations
Reading Guide
Foundational Papers
Start with Ueda et al. (2002; 286 citations) for luteolin identification and Asif (2011; 265 citations) for fatty acid overview, as they establish core anti-inflammatory and nutraceutical roles.
Recent Advances
Study Luo et al. (2020; 302 citations) for rosmarinic acid mechanisms and Ahmed (2018; 245 citations) for comprehensive ethnomedicinal profiling.
Core Methods
LC-MS for quantification (Ahmed, 2018); NMR for structure (Ueda et al., 2002); solvent extraction followed by bioassays (Osakabe, 2003).
How PapersFlow Helps You Research Perilla frutescens Phytochemical Profile
Discover & Search
Research Agent uses searchPapers('Perilla frutescens rosmarinic acid LC-MS') to retrieve 250M+ OpenAlex papers, then citationGraph on Ueda et al. (2002; 286 citations) maps influencers like Osakabe (2003). findSimilarPapers expands to luteolin variability; exaSearch uncovers chemotaxonomy datasets.
Analyze & Verify
Analysis Agent applies readPaperContent on Ahmed (2018) to extract phytochemical tables, then runPythonAnalysis with pandas to quantify rosmarinic acid ranges across studies. verifyResponse (CoVe) cross-checks extraction yields; GRADE grading scores evidence for cultivar variability (e.g., high for Ueda et al., 2002).
Synthesize & Write
Synthesis Agent detects gaps in omega fatty acid profiling vs. polyphenols (Asif, 2011), flags contradictions in anti-inflammatory claims. Writing Agent uses latexEditText for methods sections, latexSyncCitations for 10+ references, latexCompile for full profiles, and exportMermaid for biosynthetic pathway diagrams.
Use Cases
"Extract and plot rosmarinic acid concentrations from Perilla frutescens studies using Python."
Research Agent → searchPapers → Analysis Agent → readPaperContent (Ahmed 2018, Luo 2020) → runPythonAnalysis (pandas plot concentrations) → matplotlib figure of cultivar variability.
"Draft LaTeX review on luteolin extraction from Perilla frutescens with citations."
Synthesis Agent → gap detection → Writing Agent → latexEditText (add methods) → latexSyncCitations (Ueda 2002, Osakabe 2003) → latexCompile → PDF with phytochemical profile table.
"Find code for LC-MS analysis of Perilla frutescens essential oils."
Research Agent → paperExtractUrls (recent LC-MS papers) → Code Discovery → paperFindGithubRepo → githubRepoInspect → R script for oil quantification shared as exportCsv.
Automated Workflows
Deep Research workflow scans 50+ papers on rosmarinic acid, generating structured report with GRADE-scored extraction methods (searchPapers → citationGraph → DeepScan checkpoints). Theorizer builds chemotaxonomy hypotheses from Ueda (2002) and Ahmed (2018) variability data. DeepScan verifies luteolin bioactivity claims across 7 analysis steps with CoVe.
Frequently Asked Questions
What defines the Perilla frutescens phytochemical profile?
It profiles rosmarinic acid, luteolin, essential oils via LC-MS/NMR, focusing on cultivar variability (Ahmed, 2018).
What are main analytical methods?
LC-MS quantifies polyphenols; NMR characterizes structures; extraction uses solvents optimized for yield (Ueda et al., 2002; Luo et al., 2020).
What are key papers?
Ueda et al. (2002; 286 citations) on luteolin; Asif (2011; 265 citations) on fatty acids; Osakabe (2003; 234 citations) on anticarcinogenic effects.
What open problems exist?
Standardizing extractions across cultivars; scaling LC-MS for chemotaxonomy; linking profiles to clinical outcomes beyond allergies (Takano et al., 2004).
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