Subtopic Deep Dive

Scavenger Receptor CD163 Expression
Research Guide

What is Scavenger Receptor CD163 Expression?

Scavenger receptor CD163 expression refers to the regulated surface expression of CD163 on macrophages that mediates clearance of hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes and heme-hemopexin complexes to prevent oxidative damage from hemolysis.

CD163 is exclusively expressed on the monocyte-macrophage lineage with highest levels on alternatively activated macrophages. Its expression is upregulated by anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10 and glucocorticoids. Over 10 key papers since 2003 document its role in hemoglobin scavenging, including foundational works by Moestrup et al. (2004, 428 citations) and Philippidis et al. (2003, 462 citations).

Curated Papers

Key Challenges

Why It Matters

CD163 expression controls hemoglobin clearance in hemolytic disorders, preventing nitric oxide scavenging and vasculopathy as shown by Donadee et al. (2011, 551 citations) in red cell storage lesions. In atherosclerosis, intraplaque hemorrhage induces CD163+ atheroprotective macrophages (Boyle et al., 2009, 308 citations). Therapeutic targeting of CD163 expression offers potential for treating inflammatory anemias and bacterial infections via its innate immune sensing (Fabriek et al., 2008, 382 citations).

Key Research Challenges

Regulation of CD163 Expression

Transcriptional control by cytokines like IL-10 remains incompletely mapped despite upregulation in alternative macrophage activation (Moestrup and Møller, 2004). Glucocorticoid-induced expression pathways require further dissection. No comprehensive model integrates cytokine modulation with hemolytic stress signals.

Hp-Independent Hemoglobin Clearance

CD163 clears haptoglobin-free hemoglobin during severe hemolysis, but uptake kinetics differ from Hb:Hp complexes (Schaer et al., 2005, 278 citations). Endocytic trafficking and downstream heme handling need clarification. Protective vs. proinflammatory outcomes depend on expression levels.

Therapeutic Targeting Specificity

CD163 acts as anti-inflammatory sensor and bacterial detector, complicating cell-directed therapies (Van Gorp et al., 2010, 351 citations). Balancing hemoglobin scavenging with immune functions poses risks. Delivery strategies for macrophage-specific modulation lack clinical validation.

Essential Papers

Nitric Oxide Scavenging by Red Blood Cell Microparticles and Cell-Free Hemoglobin as a Mechanism for the Red Cell Storage Lesion

Chenell Donadee, Nicolaas J.H. Raat, Tamir Kanias et al. · 2011 · Circulation · 551 citations

Background— Intravascular red cell hemolysis impairs nitric oxide (NO)–redox homeostasis, producing endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, and vasculopathy. Red blood cell storage under stan...

Hemoglobin Scavenger Receptor CD163 Mediates Interleukin-10 Release and Heme Oxygenase-1 Synthesis

Pandelis Philippidis, Justin C. Mason, Betsy Evans et al. · 2003 · Circulation Research · 462 citations

The recently described hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 mediates the endocytosis of hemoglobin:haptoglobin (Hb:Hp) complexes and thereby counters Hb-induced oxidative tissue damage after hemolys...

Identification of the receptor scavenging hemopexin-heme complexes

Vibeke Hvidberg, Maciej Bogdan Maniecki, Christian Jacobsen et al. · 2005 · Blood · 456 citations

Abstract Heme released from heme-binding proteins on internal hemorrhage, hemolysis, myolysis, or other cell damage is highly toxic due to oxidative and proinflammatory effects. Complex formation w...

CD163: a regulated hemoglobin scavenger receptor with a role in the anti‐inflammatory response

Søren K. Moestrup, Holger Jon Møller · 2004 · Annals of Medicine · 428 citations

CD163 is a hemoglobin scavenger receptor exclusively expressed in the monocyte-macrophage system. A particularly high expression is seen in macrophages of the 'alternative activation' phenotype pla...

The macrophage scavenger receptor CD163 functions as an innate immune sensor for bacteria

Babs O. Fabriek, Robin van Bruggen, Dongmei Deng et al. · 2008 · Blood · 382 citations

Abstract The plasma membrane glycoprotein receptor CD163 is a member of the scavenger receptor cystein-rich (SRCR) superfamily class B that is highly expressed on resident tissue macrophages in viv...

Scavenger receptor CD163, a Jack-of-all-trades and potential target for cell-directed therapy

Hanne Van Gorp, Peter Delputte, Hans Nauwynck · 2010 · Molecular Immunology · 351 citations

Coronary Intraplaque Hemorrhage Evokes a Novel Atheroprotective Macrophage Phenotype

Joseph J. Boyle, Heather A. Harrington, Emma Piper et al. · 2009 · American Journal Of Pathology · 308 citations

Reading Guide

Foundational Papers

Start with Moestrup and Møller (2004, 428 citations) for core definition and anti-inflammatory role; Philippidis et al. (2003, 462 citations) for IL-10/HO-1 mechanism; Hvidberg et al. (2005, 456 citations) for heme scavenging extension.

Recent Advances

Donadee et al. (2011, 551 citations) for clinical hemolysis context; Van Gorp et al. (2010, 351 citations) for therapeutic targeting; Boyle et al. (2009, 308 citations) for atherosclerosis applications.

Core Methods

Flow cytometry for surface expression; confocal microscopy for endocytosis; qPCR/Western blot for cytokine induction; binding assays for Hb:Hp/heme-hemopexin affinity (Schaer et al., 2005; Schaer et al., 2006).

How PapersFlow Helps You Research Scavenger Receptor CD163 Expression

Discover & Search

Research Agent uses searchPapers and citationGraph to map CD163 literature from seed paper 'CD163: a regulated hemoglobin scavenger receptor' by Moestrup and Møller (2004), revealing 428 citing works on expression regulation. exaSearch uncovers niche cytokine modulation studies; findSimilarPapers expands to heme-hemopexin pathways from Hvidberg et al. (2005).

Analyze & Verify

Analysis Agent applies readPaperContent to extract expression data from Philippidis et al. (2003), then verifyResponse with CoVe chain-of-verification flags contradictions in IL-10 induction claims. runPythonAnalysis processes citation networks or quantifies expression fold-changes from supplements using pandas; GRADE grading scores evidence strength for therapeutic claims.

Synthesize & Write

Synthesis Agent detects gaps in Hp-independent clearance models across Schaer et al. (2006) and Donadee et al. (2011), flagging underexplored glucocorticoid synergies. Writing Agent uses latexEditText and latexSyncCitations to draft reviews with 10+ references, latexCompile for figure-inclusive PDFs, and exportMermaid for endocytosis pathway diagrams.

Use Cases

"Extract and plot CD163 expression fold-changes from IL-10 stimulation experiments in key papers."

Research Agent → searchPapers('CD163 IL-10 expression') → Analysis Agent → readPaperContent(Philippidis 2003) + runPythonAnalysis(pandas plot of supplement data) → matplotlib fold-change graph output.

"Write LaTeX review section on CD163 in hemolytic anemia with citations and hemoglobin clearance diagram."

Synthesis Agent → gap detection across Moestrup 2004 + Schaer 2006 → Writing Agent → latexEditText('review text') → latexSyncCitations(10 papers) → latexCompile → exportMermaid(macrophage endocytosis diagram) → compiled PDF.

"Find code for modeling CD163-Hb binding kinetics from related hemoglobin papers."

Research Agent → searchPapers('CD163 hemoglobin kinetics model') → Code Discovery → paperExtractUrls → paperFindGithubRepo → githubRepoInspect → verified simulation code for binding affinity analysis.

Automated Workflows

Deep Research workflow systematically reviews 50+ CD163 papers via citationGraph from Moestrup 2004, producing structured report on expression regulators with GRADE scores. DeepScan applies 7-step analysis with CoVe checkpoints to verify anti-inflammatory claims in Philippidis 2003 vs. Fabriek 2008 bacterial sensing. Theorizer generates hypotheses on CD163 upregulation in atherosclerosis from Boyle 2009 intraplaque hemorrhage data.

Try Doxa for Scavenger Receptor CD163 Expression Research

Frequently Asked Questions

What defines CD163 scavenger receptor expression?

CD163 expression is restricted to monocyte-macrophages, upregulated by IL-10 and glucocorticoids for hemoglobin-haptoglobin clearance (Moestrup and Møller, 2004).

What are key methods for studying CD163 expression?

Flow cytometry measures surface CD163 on macrophages; qPCR quantifies mRNA after cytokine stimulation; endocytosis assays track Hb:Hp uptake (Philippidis et al., 2003; Schaer et al., 2006).

What are the most cited papers on CD163?

Donadee et al. (2011, 551 citations) on NO scavenging; Philippidis et al. (2003, 462 citations) on IL-10/HO-1; Hvidberg et al. (2005, 456 citations) on heme-hemopexin receptor.

What open problems exist in CD163 research?

Unresolved: full transcriptional network; Hp-independent clearance efficiency; safe therapeutic targeting without impairing bacterial sensing (Van Gorp et al., 2010).