Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
Research Guide

Magiorakos et al. (2011) in 'Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance' define multidrug-resistant as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories, extensively drug-resistant as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in all but two or fewer categories, and pandrug-resistant as non-susceptibility to all agents. These definitions apply to pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus. They provide interim standards for global surveillance.

Liu et al. (2011) in 'Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Adults and Children' recommend vancomycin or daptomycin for complicated skin infections and bacteremia. Linezolid or clindamycin may be used for less severe cases. The guidelines are evidence-based for healthcare providers managing MRSA.

Tong et al. (2015) in 'Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management' state that S. aureus causes bacteremia, infective endocarditis, osteoarticular infections, skin and soft tissue infections, pleuropulmonary infections, and device-related infections. It is a major human pathogen leading to high morbidity. Lowy (1998) in 'Staphylococcus aureus Infections' describes its role in suppurative inflammation, septicemia, and pyemia.

Horan et al. (2008) in 'CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care–associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting' outline criteria for identifying healthcare-associated infections, including those from Staphylococcus. These definitions support standardized monitoring in acute care. They cover specific infection types like bloodstream infections.

O’Grady et al. (2011) in 'Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-related Infections' promote evidence-based strategies to reduce catheter-related bloodstream infections, many caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Measures include proper insertion techniques and surveillance. Implementation varies but significantly lowers rates.

Li et al. (2000) in 'Proposed Modifications to the Duke Criteria for the Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis' suggest updates to improve sensitivity and specificity for cases like those involving Staphylococcus. The original Duke database includes over 800 prospectively collected cases. Modifications address shortcomings in diagnosing infective endocarditis.